Now that the situation is back in the public eye, how do we leverage it with our friends, family, co-workers, customers, and management?

What this situation does is emphasize the fact that default passwords and devices with built in reset capabilities should be controlled in a much better manner.  The changing of a road sign will not last very long or adversely affect (generally) anything beyond inconvenience.  The real problem is the mentality of companies creating devices that operate in this manner.  Things are still getting built this way and we have to make the logical leap that developers of hardware, programs, operating systems, network devices, mobile devices, and applications are making the same mistakes even today.

We can use this opportunity to remind our our friends, family, co-workers, customers, and managers to evaluate their deployed technologies for default passwords.  We should also remind them that they need to take these things into consideration during the initial purchasing process where they are evaluating new technologies. That is the only way to find these types of problems and mitigate the risk properly before purchasing and deployment.  Should they find devices or applications with these limited or hamstrung security capabilities they should do a risk assessment to determine the best method to increase the security surrounding the technology or what can effectively and securely replace it.

Your mission is to determine a way to put the preceding paragraph into words and terms that your audience will understand.  Most of you reading this know exactly what I talked about.  You cannot assume that your audience will be able to understand it in the same manner.  If they don’t understand it they cannot proceed effectively.  Think about your audience before approaching them with your recommendations.  Determine the proper terminology, references, and examples to help them make an informed assessment and conclusion.  Be prepared with solutions for situations that you know exist and methods to move forward and locating those situations that have not identified.  And be sure to stress the importance of taking security into consideration during the initial evaluation and purchasing process.

Go forth and do good things,

Don C. Weber

This should be the first step to many similar replays.

Run tshark to capture

[user@localhost tshark]$ sudo /usr/sbin/tshark -i eth0 -w ping_default.pcap
Password:
Running as user “root” and group “root”. This could be dangerous.
Capturing on eth0
8
[user@localhost tshark]$

Ping remote host

[user@localhost tshark]$ ping -c 4 192.168.2.1
PING 192.168.2.1 (192.168.2.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.2.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.422 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.2.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.339 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.2.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.243 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.2.1: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.334 ms

— 192.168.2.1 ping statistics —
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3001ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.243/0.334/0.422/0.065 ms
[user@localhost tshark]$

Read pcap file with tshark

[user@localhost tshark]$ sudo /usr/sbin/tshark -r ping_default.pcap
Running as user “root” and group “root”. This could be dangerous.
1 0.000000 192.168.2.242 -> 192.168.2.1 ICMP Echo (ping) request
2 0.000370 192.168.2.1 -> 192.168.2.242 ICMP Echo (ping) reply
3 1.000509 192.168.2.242 -> 192.168.2.1 ICMP Echo (ping) request
4 1.000783 192.168.2.1 -> 192.168.2.242 ICMP Echo (ping) reply
5 2.001345 192.168.2.242 -> 192.168.2.1 ICMP Echo (ping) request
6 2.001524 192.168.2.1 -> 192.168.2.242 ICMP Echo (ping) reply
7 3.001984 192.168.2.242 -> 192.168.2.1 ICMP Echo (ping) request
8 3.002263 192.168.2.1 -> 192.168.2.242 ICMP Echo (ping) reply
[user@localhost tshark]$

Rip out only the wanted packets

[user@localhost tshark]$ ls
ping_default.pcap
[user@localhost tshark]$ sudo /usr/sbin/editcap ping_default.pcap ping_requests.pcap 1 3 5 7
Password:
Add_Selected: 1
Not inclusive … 1
Add_Selected: 3
Not inclusive … 3
Add_Selected: 5
Not inclusive … 5
Add_Selected: 7
Not inclusive … 7
[user@localhost tshark]$ ll
total 16
-rw——- 1 root root 936 2008-05-17 23:33 ping_default.pcap
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 480 2008-05-17 23:35 ping_requests.pcap
[user@localhost tshark]$

Read pcap file with tshark

[user@localhost tshark]$ sudo /usr/sbin/tshark -r ping_requests.pcap
Running as user “root” and group “root”. This could be dangerous.
1 0.000000 192.168.2.1 -> 192.168.2.242 ICMP Echo (ping) reply
2 1.000413 192.168.2.1 -> 192.168.2.242 ICMP Echo (ping) reply
3 2.001154 192.168.2.1 -> 192.168.2.242 ICMP Echo (ping) reply
4 3.001893 192.168.2.1 -> 192.168.2.242 ICMP Echo (ping) reply
[user@localhost tshark]$

I am not sure why that happened. Grap the right packets with editcap.

[user@localhost tshark]$ sudo /usr/sbin/editcap ping_default.pcap ping_requests.pcap 2 4 6 8
Add_Selected: 2
Not inclusive … 2
Add_Selected: 4
Not inclusive … 4
Add_Selected: 6
Not inclusive … 6
Add_Selected: 8
Not inclusive … 8
[user@localhost tshark]$

Read pcap file with tshark

[user@localhost tshark]$ sudo /usr/sbin/tshark -r ping_requests.pcap
Running as user “root” and group “root”. This could be dangerous.
1 0.000000 192.168.2.242 -> 192.168.2.1 ICMP Echo (ping) request
2 1.000509 192.168.2.242 -> 192.168.2.1 ICMP Echo (ping) request
3 2.001345 192.168.2.242 -> 192.168.2.1 ICMP Echo (ping) request
4 3.001984 192.168.2.242 -> 192.168.2.1 ICMP Echo (ping) request
[user@localhost tshark]$

Replay with TcpReplay

[user@localhost tshark]$ sudo tcpreplay –intf1=eth0 ping_requests.pcap
sending out eth0
processing file: ping_requests.pcap
Actual: 4 packets (392 bytes) sent in 3.10 seconds
Rated: 130.2 bps, 0.00 Mbps/sec, 1.33 pps

Statistics for network device: eth0
Attempted packets: 4
Successful packets: 4
Failed packets: 0
Retried packets: 0
[user@localhost tshark]$

Capture replay with tshark

[userr@localhost tshark]$ sudo /usr/sbin/tshark -i eth0 -w ping_replay.pcap
Running as user “root” and group “root”. This could be dangerous.
Capturing on eth0
8
(process:8719): CaptureChild-INFO (recursed): Signal: Stop capture
aborting…
tshark: Child capture process died: Abort
[user@localhost tshark]$

Review what happened with tshark

[user@localhost tshark]$ sudo /usr/sbin/tshark -r ping_replay.pcap
Running as user “root” and group “root”. This could be dangerous.
1 0.000000 192.168.2.242 -> 192.168.2.1 ICMP Echo (ping) request
2 0.000332 192.168.2.1 -> 192.168.2.242 ICMP Echo (ping) reply
3 1.001619 192.168.2.242 -> 192.168.2.1 ICMP Echo (ping) request
4 1.001905 192.168.2.1 -> 192.168.2.242 ICMP Echo (ping) reply
5 2.002310 192.168.2.242 -> 192.168.2.1 ICMP Echo (ping) request
6 2.002494 192.168.2.1 -> 192.168.2.242 ICMP Echo (ping) reply
7 3.003997 192.168.2.242 -> 192.168.2.1 ICMP Echo (ping) request
8 3.004201 192.168.2.1 -> 192.168.2.242 ICMP Echo (ping) reply
[user@localhost tshark]$

Go forth and do good things,

Don C. Weber

Go forth and do good things,

Don C. Weber

bt hello # nasm -f elf hello.s
hello.s:1: error: attempt to define a local label before any non-local labels
hello.s:1: error: parser: instruction expected
hello.s:2: error: attempt to define a local label before any non-local labels
hello.s:2: error: parser: instruction expected
hello.s:3: error: attempt to define a local label before any non-local labels
hello.s:4: error: attempt to define a local label before any non-local labels
hello.s:4: error: parser: instruction expected
hello.s:5: error: attempt to define a local label before any non-local labels
hello.s:6: error: attempt to define a local label before any non-local labels
hello.s:6: error: parser: instruction expected
hello.s:7: error: attempt to define a local label before any non-local labels
hello.s:7: error: parser: instruction expected
hello.s:9: error: parser: instruction expected
hello.s:10: error: parser: instruction expected
hello.s:11: error: parser: instruction expected
hello.s:12: error: parser: instruction expected
hello.s:13: error: symbol `movl’ redefined
hello.s:13: error: parser: instruction expected
hello.s:14: error: parser: instruction expected
hello.s:15: error: symbol `addl’ redefined
hello.s:15: error: parser: instruction expected
hello.s:16: error: parser: instruction expected
hello.s:17: error: parser: instruction expected
hello.s:18: error: symbol `subl’ redefined
hello.s:18: error: parser: instruction expected
hello.s:19: error: symbol `subl’ redefined
hello.s:19: error: parser: instruction expected
hello.s:20: error: symbol `pushl’ redefined
hello.s:20: error: parser: instruction expected
hello.s:22: error: symbol `addl’ redefined
hello.s:22: error: parser: instruction expected
hello.s:23: error: symbol `movl’ redefined
hello.s:23: error: parser: instruction expected
hello.s:26: error: parser: instruction expected
hello.s:27: error: parser: instruction expected
hello.s:28: error: parser: instruction expected
bt hello #

It wasn’t after a lot of reading that I realized that the two syntaxes are completely different. This explained why my attempts at correcting these errors did not work at all. Of course, hunting for the problem lead me to some very useful resources.

• AMD64 Architecture Programmer’s Manual Volume 1: Application Programming
• Using Assembly Language in Linux.
• Linux Assembly Tutorial: Step-by-Step Guide
• The Netwide Assembler: NASM
• AT&T Assembly Syntax

From these resources I determined there were three ways to compile and run the Hello World assembly code program. For the AT&T syntax a developer could use the GCC command or a combination of the AS and LD commands (yes, as I am working on Linux, case sensitivity does matter, but I am using caps for emphasis). The INTEL syntax requires the use of NASM and LD. The following output shows the compilation performed in each case. Note the size of the executable generated by the GCC command (ouch!!).

NASM Command

bt nasm # nasm -f elf hello.asm
bt nasm # ld -s -o hello_nasm.exe hello.o
bt nasm # ./hello_nasm.exe
Hello World
bt nasm # ls -al
total 20
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 26 23:46 ./
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr 26 23:39 ../
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 685 Apr 26 23:46 hello.asm
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 720 Apr 26 23:46 hello.o
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 536 Apr 26 23:46 hello_nasm.exe*
bt nasm #

AS Command

bt as # as -o hello_as.o hello_as.s
bt as # ld -s -o hello_hello_as.o
bt as # ./hello_as.exe
Hello World

bt as # ls -al
total 20
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 27 00:00 ./
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 26 23:55 ../
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 444 Apr 27 00:00 hello_as.exe* <-NOTE: Size Winner Is AS
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 620 Apr 27 00:00 hello_as.o
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 770 Apr 27 00:00 hello_as.s
bt as #

GCC Command

bt hello # gcc -o hello.exe hello.s
bt hello # gcc -s -o hello_stripped.exe hello.s
bt hello # ls -al
total 32
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 27 00:48 ./
drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4096 Apr 23 20:19 ../
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 27 00:00 as/
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 7932 Apr 27 00:48 hello.exe*
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 766 Apr 26 22:59 hello.s
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2808 Apr 27 00:48 hello_stripped.exe* <-NOTE: Even stripped GCC is bigger
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 26 23:54 nasm/
bt hello # ./hello.exe
Hello World

bt hello # ./hello_stripped.exe
Hello World

bt hello #

It is very easy to see that how you compile the assembly code leads directly to the size of the executable and, perhaps, the speed and stability as well. Of course I cannot prove either of these theories, but I will take this guess because of the additional systems calls that go into the GCC version.

What I can do, in the meantime, is show you how these programs appear after they have been run through a disassembler. The versions compiled via AS and NASM are amazingly similar. The version compiled through GCC, however, is not even close. It’s output really shows how the additional libraries play a roll in the overall size of this executable. To disassemble these programs I will use the latest version of atlas’ Disass-3.0. I’ll leave the download and installation of this tool up to you.

NASM

bt nasm # disass-cli hello_nasm.exe
VirtualMemory:init:section: .text
BEGIN Processing Sub: ELF Start, .text (8048080) …..END Processing Sub: ELF Start, .text (8048080)
disass v3.00 Enhanced Disassembler
ELF HEADER OBJECT:hello_nasm.exe
= Intimate Details:
==Magic: ELF
==Type: Executable file
==Machine Arch: Intel 80386
==Version: 1
==Entry: 0×08048080
==Program Headers(offset): 52 (0×34) bytes
==Section Headers(offset): 256 (0×100) bytes
==Flags: 0L
==Elf Header Size: 52 (0×34 bytes)
==Program Header Size: 32 (0×20 bytes)
==Program Header Count: 2 (0×2)
==Section Header Size: 40 (0×28 bytes)
==Section Header Count: 7 (0×7)
==Section Header String Index 6 (0×6 bytes)

= Sections:
Elf Section: [ ] VMA: 0×00000000 offset: 0 ent/size: 0/ 0 align: 0
Elf Section: [ .text] VMA: 0×08048080 offset: 128 ent/size: 0/ 35 align: 16
Elf Section: [ .got.plt] VMA: 0×080490a4 offset: 176 ent/size: 0/ 0 align: 1
Elf Section: [ .data] VMA: 0×080490a4 offset: 164 ent/size: 0/ 12 align: 4
Elf Section: [ .bss] VMA: 0×080490b0 offset: 176 ent/size: 0/ 0 align: 1
Elf Section: [ .comment] VMA: 0×00000000 offset: 176 ent/size: 0/ 31 align: 1
Elf Section: [ .shstrtab] VMA: 0×00000000 offset: 207 ent/size: 0/ 46 align: 1

= Program Headers:
[ Loadable program segment] VMA: 0×08048000 offset: 0 memsize: 163 align: 4096 (filesz: 163) flags: 5
[ Loadable program segment] VMA: 0×080490a4 offset: 164 memsize: 12 align: 4096 (filesz: 12) flags: 6
Dynamics:

Virtual Memory: hello_nasm.exe, start: 8048080, flags: 0

====== Section Header: .text ======
====== Starting Address: 0×08048080 Length: 0×0023
====== File Offset: 0×0080 Size in File: 0×0023
====== Size in Memory: 0×0000
==================

Subroutine: ELF Start, .text (8048080) 9 lines 0×23 bytes
Starting address: 8048080 Ending address: 80480a2

; ELF Start, .text
8048080: \xb8\x04\x00\x00\x00 mov $0×4, %eax
8048085: \xbb\x01\x00\x00\x00 mov $0×1, %ebx
804808a: \xb9\xa4\x90\x04\x08 mov $0×80490a4, %ecx ; .got.plt, .data, ‘Hello World
‘ (.data)
804808f: \xba\x0c\x00\x00\x00 mov $0xc, %edx
8048094: \xcd\x80 int $0×80
8048096: \xb8\x01\x00\x00\x00 mov $0×1, %eax
804809b: \xbb\x00\x00\x00\x00 mov $0×0, %ebx
80480a0: \xcd\x80 int $0×80
80480a2: \xc3 ret
End Subroutine: ELF Start, .text (8048080) 9 lines 0×23 bytes
8048080: ELF Start, .text
80490a4: .got.plt, .data, ‘Hello World
‘ (.data)
80490b0: .bss

bt nasm #

AS

bt as # disass-cli hello_as.exe
VirtualMemory:init:section: .text
BEGIN Processing Sub: ELF Start, .text (8048074) …..END Processing Sub: ELF Start, .text (8048074)
disass v3.00 Enhanced Disassembler
ELF HEADER OBJECT:hello_as.exe
= Intimate Details:
==Magic: ELF
==Type: Executable file
==Machine Arch: Intel 80386
==Version: 1
==Entry: 0×08048074
==Program Headers(offset): 52 (0×34) bytes
==Section Headers(offset): 204 (0xcc) bytes
==Flags: 0L
==Elf Header Size: 52 (0×34 bytes)
==Program Header Size: 32 (0×20 bytes)
==Program Header Count: 2 (0×2)
==Section Header Size: 40 (0×28 bytes)
==Section Header Count: 6 (0×6)
==Section Header String Index 5 (0×5 bytes)

= Sections:
Elf Section: [ ] VMA: 0×00000000 offset: 0 ent/size: 0/ 0 align: 0
Elf Section: [ .text] VMA: 0×08048074 offset: 116 ent/size: 0/ 35 align: 4
Elf Section: [ .got.plt] VMA: 0×08049098 offset: 167 ent/size: 0/ 0 align: 1
Elf Section: [ .data] VMA: 0×08049098 offset: 152 ent/size: 0/ 15 align: 4
Elf Section: [ .bss] VMA: 0×080490a8 offset: 167 ent/size: 0/ 0 align: 4
Elf Section: [ .shstrtab] VMA: 0×00000000 offset: 167 ent/size: 0/ 37 align: 1

= Program Headers:
[ Loadable program segment] VMA: 0×08048000 offset: 0 memsize: 151 align: 4096 (filesz: 151) flags: 5
[ Loadable program segment] VMA: 0×08049098 offset: 152 memsize: 16 align: 4096 (filesz: 15) flags: 6
Dynamics:

Virtual Memory: hello_as.exe, start: 8048074, flags: 0

====== Section Header: .text ======
====== Starting Address: 0×08048074 Length: 0×0023
====== File Offset: 0×0074 Size in File: 0×0023
====== Size in Memory: 0×0000
==================

Subroutine: ELF Start, .text (8048074) 9 lines 0×23 bytes
Starting address: 8048074 Ending address: 8048096

; ELF Start, .text
8048074: \xb8\x04\x00\x00\x00 mov $0×4, %eax
8048079: \xbb\x01\x00\x00\x00 mov $0×1, %ebx
804807e: \xb9\x98\x90\x04\x08 mov $0×8049098, %ecx ; .got.plt, .data, ‘Hello World
‘ (.data)
8048083: \xba\xa5\x90\x04\x08 mov $0×80490a5, %edx ; ‘\x0c’ (.data)
8048088: \xcd\x80 int $0×80
804808a: \xb8\x01\x00\x00\x00 mov $0×1, %eax
804808f: \xbb\x00\x00\x00\x00 mov $0×0, %ebx
8048094: \xcd\x80 int $0×80
8048096: \xc3 ret
End Subroutine: ELF Start, .text (8048074) 9 lines 0×23 bytes
8048074: ELF Start, .text
8049098: .got.plt, .data, ‘Hello World
‘ (.data)
80490a5: ‘\x0c’ (.data)
80490a8: .bss

bt as #

GCC

bt hello # disass-cli hello.exe
VirtualMemory:init:section: .init
BEGIN Processing Sub: .init, (), _init(), , _init (8048260) …..END Processing Sub: .init, (), _init(), , _init (8048260)
VirtualMemory:init:section: .plt
BEGIN Processing Sub: .plt, (), (8048278) …..END Processing Sub: .plt, (), (8048278)
BEGIN Processing Sub: __libc_start_main() (PLT) (8048288) …..END Processing Sub: __libc_start_main() (PLT) (8048288)
VirtualMemory:init:section: .text
BEGIN Processing Sub: ELF Start, .text, (), _start(), , _start (80482a0) …..END Processing Sub: ELF Start, .text, (), _start(), , _start (80482a0)
BEGIN Processing Sub: __libc_csu_fini(), __libc_csu_fini (8048400) …..END Processing Sub: __libc_csu_fini(), __libc_csu_fini (8048400)
BEGIN Processing Sub: __libc_csu_init(), __libc_csu_init (80483a0) …..END Processing Sub: __libc_csu_init(), __libc_csu_init (80483a0)
BEGIN Processing Sub: __do_global_ctors_aux(), __do_global_ctors_aux (8048450) …..END Processing Sub: __do_global_ctors_aux(), __do_global_ctors_aux (8048450)
BEGIN Processing Sub: frame_dummy(), frame_dummy (8048340) …..END Processing Sub: frame_dummy(), frame_dummy (8048340)
BEGIN Processing Sub: call_gmon_start(), call_gmon_start (80482d0) …..END Processing Sub: call_gmon_start(), call_gmon_start (80482d0)
BEGIN Processing Sub: __do_global_dtors_aux(), __do_global_dtors_aux (8048300) …..END Processing Sub: __do_global_dtors_aux(), __do_global_dtors_aux (8048300)
VirtualMemory:init:section: .fini
BEGIN Processing Sub: .fini, (), _fini(), , _fini (8048480) …..END Processing Sub: .fini, (), _fini(), , _fini (8048480)
disass v3.00 Enhanced Disassembler
ELF HEADER OBJECT:hello.exe
= Intimate Details:
==Magic: ELF
==Type: Executable file
==Machine Arch: Intel 80386
==Version: 1
==Entry: 0×080482a0
==Program Headers(offset): 52 (0×34) bytes
==Section Headers(offset): 3484 (0xd9c) bytes
==Flags: 0L
==Elf Header Size: 52 (0×34 bytes)
==Program Header Size: 32 (0×20 bytes)
==Program Header Count: 7 (0×7)
==Section Header Size: 40 (0×28 bytes)
==Section Header Count: 34 (0×22)
==Section Header String Index 31 (0×1f bytes)

= Sections:
Elf Section: [ ] VMA: 0×00000000 offset: 0 ent/size: 0/ 0 align: 0
Elf Section: [ .interp] VMA: 0×08048114 offset: 276 ent/size: 0/ 19 align: 1
Elf Section: [ .note.ABI-tag] VMA: 0×08048128 offset: 296 ent/size: 0/ 32 align: 4
Elf Section: [ .hash] VMA: 0×08048148 offset: 328 ent/size: 4/ 40 align: 4
Elf Section: [ .dynsym] VMA: 0×08048170 offset: 368 ent/size: 16/ 80 align: 4
Elf Section: [ .dynstr] VMA: 0×080481c0 offset: 448 ent/size: 0/ 89 align: 1
Elf Section: [ .gnu.version] VMA: 0×0804821a offset: 538 ent/size: 2/ 10 align: 2
Elf Section: [ .gnu.version_r] VMA: 0×08048224 offset: 548 ent/size: 0/ 32 align: 4
Elf Section: [ .rel.dyn] VMA: 0×08048244 offset: 580 ent/size: 8/ 8 align: 4
Elf Section: [ .rel.plt] VMA: 0×0804824c offset: 588 ent/size: 8/ 8 align: 4
Elf Section: [ .init] VMA: 0×08048260 offset: 608 ent/size: 0/ 23 align: 16
Elf Section: [ .plt] VMA: 0×08048278 offset: 632 ent/size: 4/ 32 align: 4
Elf Section: [ .text] VMA: 0×080482a0 offset: 672 ent/size: 0/ 480 align: 16
Elf Section: [ .fini] VMA: 0×08048480 offset: 1152 ent/size: 0/ 27 align: 16
Elf Section: [ .rodata] VMA: 0×0804849c offset: 1180 ent/size: 0/ 8 align: 4
Elf Section: [ .eh_frame] VMA: 0×080484a4 offset: 1188 ent/size: 0/ 4 align: 4
Elf Section: [ .ctors] VMA: 0×080494a8 offset: 1192 ent/size: 0/ 8 align: 4
Elf Section: [ .dtors] VMA: 0×080494b0 offset: 1200 ent/size: 0/ 8 align: 4
Elf Section: [ .jcr] VMA: 0×080494b8 offset: 1208 ent/size: 0/ 4 align: 4
Elf Section: [ .dynamic] VMA: 0×080494bc offset: 1212 ent/size: 8/ 200 align: 4
Elf Section: [ .got] VMA: 0×08049584 offset: 1412 ent/size: 4/ 4 align: 4
Elf Section: [ .got.plt] VMA: 0×08049588 offset: 1416 ent/size: 4/ 16 align: 4
Elf Section: [ .data] VMA: 0×08049598 offset: 1432 ent/size: 0/ 28 align: 4
Elf Section: [ .bss] VMA: 0×080495b4 offset: 1460 ent/size: 0/ 4 align: 4
Elf Section: [ .comment] VMA: 0×00000000 offset: 1460 ent/size: 0/ 108 align: 1
Elf Section: [ .debug_aranges] VMA: 0×00000000 offset: 1568 ent/size: 0/ 136 align: 8
Elf Section: [ .debug_pubnames] VMA: 0×00000000 offset: 1704 ent/size: 0/ 37 align: 1
Elf Section: [ .debug_info] VMA: 0×00000000 offset: 1741 ent/size: 0/ 642 align: 1
Elf Section: [ .debug_abbrev] VMA: 0×00000000 offset: 2383 ent/size: 0/ 118 align: 1
Elf Section: [ .debug_line] VMA: 0×00000000 offset: 2501 ent/size: 0/ 511 align: 1
Elf Section: [ .debug_str] VMA: 0×00000000 offset: 3012 ent/size: 1/ 174 align: 1
Elf Section: [ .shstrtab] VMA: 0×00000000 offset: 3186 ent/size: 0/ 295 align: 1
Elf Section: [ .symtab] VMA: 0×00000000 offset: 4844 ent/size: 16/ 1984 align: 4
Elf Section: [ .strtab] VMA: 0×00000000 offset: 6828 ent/size: 0/ 1104 align: 1

= Program Headers:
[ Entry for header table itself] VMA: 0×08048034 offset: 52 memsize: 224 align: 4 (filesz: 224) flags: 5
[ Program interpreter] VMA: 0×08048114 offset: 276 memsize: 19 align: 1 (filesz: 19) flags: 4
[ Loadable program segment] VMA: 0×08048000 offset: 0 memsize: 1192 align: 4096 (filesz: 1192) flags: 5
[ Loadable program segment] VMA: 0×080494a8 offset: 1192 memsize: 272 align: 4096 (filesz: 268) flags: 6
[ Dynamic linking information] VMA: 0×080494bc offset: 1212 memsize: 200 align: 4 (filesz: 200) flags: 6
[ Auxiliary information] VMA: 0×08048128 offset: 296 memsize: 32 align: 4 (filesz: 32) flags: 4
[ Indicates stack executability] VMA: 0×00000000 offset: 0 memsize: 0 align: 4 (filesz: 0) flags: 7
Dynamics:
libc.so.6 Name of needed library
0×8048260L Address of init function
0×8048480L Address of termination function
0×8048148L Address of symbol hash table
0×80481C0L Address of string table
0×8048170L Address of symbol table
0×59L Size of string table
0×10L Size of one symbol table entry
0×0L For debugging; unspecified
0×8049588L Processor defined value
0×8L Size in bytes of PLT relocs
0×11L Type of reloc in PLT
0×804824CL Address of PLT relocs
0×8048244L Address of Rel relocs
0×8L Total size of Rel relocs
0×8L Size of one Rel reloc
0×8048224L Unknown: 0×6FFFFFFEL
0×1L Unknown: 0×6FFFFFFFL
0×804821AL Unknown: 0×6FFFFFF0L
0×0L Marks end of dynamic section

Virtual Memory: hello.exe, start: 80482a0, flags: 0

====== Section Header: .init ======
====== Starting Address: 0×08048260 Length: 0×0017
====== File Offset: 0×0260 Size in File: 0×0017
====== Size in Memory: 0×0000
==================

Subroutine: .init, (), _init(), , _init (8048260) 8 lines 0×17 bytes
Starting address: 8048260 Ending address: 8048276

; .init, (), _init(), , _init
Called from: __libc_csu_init(), __libc_csu_init (80483a0) at 80483b6
8048260: \x55 push %ebp
8048261: \x89\xe5 mov %esp, %ebp
8048263: \x83\xec\x08 sub $0×8, %esp
8048266: \xe8\x65\x00\x00\x00 call 0×80482d0 ; call_gmon_start(), call_gmon_start
804826b: \xe8\xd0\x00\x00\x00 call 0×8048340 ; frame_dummy(), frame_dummy
8048270: \xe8\xdb\x01\x00\x00 call 0×8048450 ; __do_global_ctors_aux(), __do_global_ctors_aux
8048275: \xc9 leave
8048276: \xc3 ret
End Subroutine: .init, (), _init(), , _init (8048260) 8 lines 0×17 bytes

====== Section Header: .plt ======
====== Starting Address: 0×08048278 Length: 0×0020
====== File Offset: 0×0278 Size in File: 0×0020
====== Size in Memory: 0×0004
==================

Subroutine: .plt, (), (8048278) 4 lines 0×10 bytes

; .plt, (),
JMPed from: __libc_start_main() (PLT) (8048288) at 8048293
8048278: \xff\x35\x8c\x95\x04\x08 pushl 0×804958c ; ‘\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00′… (.got.plt+0×4)
804827e: \xff\x25\x90\x95\x04\x08 jmpl *0×8049590 ; ‘\x00\x00\x00\x00\x8e\x82\x04\x08′… (.got.plt+0×8)
8048284: \x00\x00 add %al, (%eax)
8048286: \x00\x00 add %al, (%eax)
End Subroutine: .plt, (), (8048278) 4 lines 0×10 bytes

Subroutine: __libc_start_main() (PLT) (8048288) 3 lines 0×10 bytes

; __libc_start_main() (PLT)
Called from: ELF Start, .text, (), _start(), , _start (80482a0) at 80482bc
8048288: \xff\x25\x94\x95\x04\x08 jmpl *0×8049594 ; __libc_start_main()
804828e: \x68\x00\x00\x00\x00 push $0×0
8048293: \xe9\xe0\xff\xff\xff jmp 0×8048278 ; jmp .plt, (), (8048278) :-1b:
End Subroutine: __libc_start_main() (PLT) (8048288) 3 lines 0×10 bytes

====== Section Header: .text ======
====== Starting Address: 0×080482a0 Length: 0×01e0
====== File Offset: 0×02a0 Size in File: 0×01e0
====== Size in Memory: 0×0000
==================

Subroutine: ELF Start, .text, (), _start(), , _start (80482a0) 28 lines 0×30 bytes
Starting address: 80482a0 Ending address: 80482cf

; ELF Start, .text, (), _start(), , _start
80482a0: \x31\xed xor %ebp, %ebp
80482a2: \x5e pop %esi
80482a3: \x89\xe1 mov %esp, %ecx
80482a5: \x83\xe4\xf0 and $0xf0, %esp
80482a8: \x50 push %eax
80482a9: \x54 push %esp
80482aa: \x52 push %edx
80482ab: \x68\x00\x84\x04\x08 push $0×8048400 ; push __libc_csu_fini(), __libc_csu_fini (8048400) :+155:
80482b0: \x68\xa0\x83\x04\x08 push $0×80483a0 ; push __libc_csu_init(), __libc_csu_init (80483a0) :+f0:
80482b5: \x51 push %ecx
80482b6: \x56 push %esi
80482b7: \x68\x74\x83\x04\x08 push $0×8048374 ; push frame_dummy(), frame_dummy (8048340) (+0×34) :+bd:
80482bc: \xe8\xc7\xff\xff\xff call 0×8048288 ; call __libc_start_main() (PLT) (8048288) :-34:
80482c1: \xf4 hlt
80482c2: \x90 nop
80482c3: \x90 nop
80482c4: \x90 nop
80482c5: \x90 nop
80482c6: \x90 nop
80482c7: \x90 nop
80482c8: \x90 nop
80482c9: \x90 nop
80482ca: \x90 nop
80482cb: \x90 nop
80482cc: \x90 nop
80482cd: \x90 nop
80482ce: \x90 nop
80482cf: \x90 nop
End Subroutine: ELF Start, .text, (), _start(), , _start (80482a0) 28 lines 0×30 bytes

Subroutine: call_gmon_start(), call_gmon_start (80482d0) 26 lines 0×30 bytes
Starting address: 80482d0 Ending address: 80482ff

; call_gmon_start(), call_gmon_start
80482d0: \x55 push %ebp
80482d1: \x89\xe5 mov %esp, %ebp
80482d3: \x53 push %ebx
80482d4: \x83\xec\x04 sub $0×4, %esp
80482d7: \xe8\x16\x00\x00\x00 call 0×80482f2 ; call (local) :+1b:
80482dc: \x81\xc3\xac\x12\x00\x00 add $0×12ac, %ebx
80482e2: \x8b\x83\xfc\xff\xff\xff mov 0xfffffffc(%ebx), %eax
80482e8: \x85\xc0 test %eax, %eax
80482ea: \x74\x02 jz 0×80482ee ; jz (local) :+4:
80482ec: \xff\xd0 call *%eax

Referenced by: (local) at 80482ea
80482ee: \x58 pop %eax
80482ef: \x5b pop %ebx
80482f0: \x5d pop %ebp
80482f1: \xc3 ret

; __i686.get_pc_thunk.bx(), __i686.get_pc_thunk.bx
Called from: __libc_csu_fini(), __libc_csu_fini (8048400) at 8048409
Called from: __libc_csu_init(), __libc_csu_init (80483a0) at 80483ab
Called from: (local) at 80482d7
Called from: .fini, (), _fini(), , _fini (8048480) at 8048487
80482f2: \x8b\x1c\x24 mov (%esp), %ebx
80482f5: \xc3 ret
80482f6: \x90 nop
80482f7: \x90 nop
80482f8: \x90 nop
80482f9: \x90 nop
80482fa: \x90 nop
80482fb: \x90 nop
80482fc: \x90 nop
80482fd: \x90 nop
80482fe: \x90 nop
80482ff: \x90 nop
End Subroutine: call_gmon_start(), call_gmon_start (80482d0) 26 lines 0×30 bytes

Subroutine: __do_global_dtors_aux(), __do_global_dtors_aux (8048300) 31 lines 0×40 bytes
Starting address: 8048300 Ending address: 804833f

; __do_global_dtors_aux(), __do_global_dtors_aux
Called from: .fini, (), _fini(), , _fini (8048480) at 8048492
8048300: \x55 push %ebp
8048301: \x89\xe5 mov %esp, %ebp
8048303: \x83\xec\x08 sub $0×8, %esp
8048306: \x80\x3d\xb4\x95\x04\x08\x00 cmpb $0×0, 0×80495b4 ; .bss, (), completed.1(), __bss_start(), _edata(), , completed.1, __bss_start, _edata
804830d: \x74\x1b jz 0×804832a ; jz (local) :+1d:
804830f: \xeb\x2b jmp 0×804833c ; jmp (local) :+2d:
8048311: \xeb\x0d jmp 0×8048320 ; jmp (local) :+f:
8048313: \x90 nop
8048314: \x90 nop
8048315: \x90 nop
8048316: \x90 nop
8048317: \x90 nop
8048318: \x90 nop
8048319: \x90 nop
804831a: \x90 nop
804831b: \x90 nop
804831c: \x90 nop
804831d: \x90 nop
804831e: \x90 nop
804831f: \x90 nop

Referenced by: (local) at 8048333
JMPed from: (local) at 8048311
8048320: \x83\xc0\x04 add $0×4, %eax
8048323: \xa3\xa0\x95\x04\x08 mov %eax, 0×80495a0
8048328: \xff\xd2 call *%edx

Referenced by: (local) at 804830d
804832a: \xa1\xa0\x95\x04\x08 mov 0×80495a0, %eax
804832f: \x8b\x10 mov (%eax), %edx
8048331: \x85\xd2 test %edx, %edx
8048333: \x75\xeb jnz 0×8048320 ; jnz (local) :-13:
8048335: \xc6\x05\xb4\x95\x04\x08\x01 movb $0×1, 0×80495b4 ; .bss, (), completed.1(), __bss_start(), _edata(), , completed.1, __bss_start, _edata

JMPed from: (local) at 804830f
804833c: \xc9 leave
804833d: \xc3 ret
804833e: \x89\xf6 mov %esi, %esi
End Subroutine: __do_global_dtors_aux(), __do_global_dtors_aux (8048300) 31 lines 0×40 bytes

Subroutine: frame_dummy(), frame_dummy (8048340) 37 lines 0×60 bytes
Starting address: 8048340 Ending address: 804839f

; frame_dummy(), frame_dummy
8048340: \x55 push %ebp
8048341: \x89\xe5 mov %esp, %ebp
8048343: \x83\xec\x08 sub $0×8, %esp
8048346: \xa1\xb8\x94\x04\x08 mov 0×80494b8, %eax
804834b: \x85\xc0 test %eax, %eax
804834d: \x74\x21 jz 0×8048370 ; jz (local) :+23:
804834f: \xb8\x00\x00\x00\x00 mov $0×0, %eax
8048354: \x85\xc0 test %eax, %eax
8048356: \x74\x18 jz 0×8048370 ; jz (local) :+1a:
8048358: \x83\xec\x0c sub $0xc, %esp
804835b: \x68\xb8\x94\x04\x08 push $0×80494b8 ; .jcr, (), __JCR_LIST__(), __JCR_END__(), , __JCR_LIST__, __JCR_END__
8048360: \xe8\x9b\x7c\xfb\xf7 call 0×0
8048365: \x83\xc4\x10 add $0×10, %esp
8048368: \x90 nop
8048369: \x8d\xb4\x26\x00\x00\x00\x00 lea 0×0(%esi), %esi

Referenced by: (local) at 804834d
Referenced by: (local) at 8048356
8048370: \xc9 leave
8048371: \xc3 ret
8048372: \x90 nop
8048373: \x90 nop

; main(), main
Referenced by: ELF Start, .text, (), _start(), , _start (80482a0) at 80482b7
8048374: \xb8\x04\x00\x00\x00 mov $0×4, %eax
8048379: \xbb\x01\x00\x00\x00 mov $0×1, %ebx
804837e: \xb9\xa4\x95\x04\x08 mov $0×80495a4, %ecx ; hello(), hello
8048383: \xba\xb1\x95\x04\x08 mov $0×80495b1, %edx ; ‘\x0c’ (.data) , hlen(), hlen
8048388: \xcd\x80 int $0×80
804838a: \xb8\x01\x00\x00\x00 mov $0×1, %eax
804838f: \xbb\x00\x00\x00\x00 mov $0×0, %ebx
8048394: \xcd\x80 int $0×80
8048396: \xc3 ret
8048397: \x90 nop
8048398: \x90 nop
8048399: \x90 nop
804839a: \x90 nop
804839b: \x90 nop
804839c: \x90 nop
804839d: \x90 nop
804839e: \x90 nop
804839f: \x90 nop
End Subroutine: frame_dummy(), frame_dummy (8048340) 37 lines 0×60 bytes

Subroutine: __libc_csu_init(), __libc_csu_init (80483a0) 35 lines 0×60 bytes
Variables:
fffffff0 ( 10) _____________________________________________________
Starting address: 80483a0 Ending address: 80483ff

; __libc_csu_init(), __libc_csu_init
Referenced by: ELF Start, .text, (), _start(), , _start (80482a0) at 80482b0
80483a0: \x55 push %ebp
80483a1: \x89\xe5 mov %esp, %ebp
80483a3: \x57 push %edi
80483a4: \x56 push %esi
80483a5: \x31\xf6 xor %esi, %esi
80483a7: \x53 push %ebx
80483a8: \x83\xec\x0c sub $0xc, %esp
80483ab: \xe8\x42\xff\xff\xff call 0×80482f2 ; call call_gmon_start(), call_gmon_start (80482d0) (+0×22) :-b9:
80483b0: \x81\xc3\xd8\x11\x00\x00 add $0×11d8, %ebx
80483b6: \xe8\xa5\xfe\xff\xff call 0×8048260 ; call .init, (), _init(), , _init (8048260) :-156:
80483bb: \x8d\x83\x20\xff\xff\xff lea 0xffffff20(%ebx), %eax
80483c1: \x8d\x93\x20\xff\xff\xff lea 0xffffff20(%ebx), %edx
80483c7: \x89\x45\xf0 mov %eax, 0xfffffff0(%ebp)
80483ca: \x29\xd0 sub %edx, %eax
80483cc: \xc1\xf8\x02 sar $0×2, %eax
80483cf: \x39\xc6 cmp %eax, %esi
80483d1: \x73\x1f jnc 0×80483f2 ; jnc (local) :+21:
80483d3: \x89\xd7 mov %edx, %edi
80483d5: \x8d\x74\x26\x00 lea 0×0(%esi), %esi
80483d9: \x8d\xbc\x27\x00\x00\x00\x00 lea 0×0(%edi), %edi

Referenced by: (local) at 80483f0
80483e0: \xff\x14\xb2 calll *(%edx, %esi, 4)
80483e3: \x8b\x4d\xf0 mov 0xfffffff0(%ebp), %ecx
80483e6: \x46 inc %esi
80483e7: \x89\xfa mov %edi, %edx
80483e9: \x29\xf9 sub %edi, %ecx
80483eb: \xc1\xf9\x02 sar $0×2, %ecx
80483ee: \x39\xce cmp %ecx, %esi
80483f0: \x72\xee jc 0×80483e0 ; jc (local) :-10:

Referenced by: (local) at 80483d1
80483f2: \x83\xc4\x0c add $0xc, %esp
80483f5: \x5b pop %ebx
80483f6: \x5e pop %esi
80483f7: \x5f pop %edi
80483f8: \x5d pop %ebp
80483f9: \xc3 ret
80483fa: \x8d\xb6\x00\x00\x00\x00 lea 0×0(%esi), %esi
End Subroutine: __libc_csu_init(), __libc_csu_init (80483a0) 35 lines 0×60 bytes

Subroutine: __libc_csu_fini(), __libc_csu_fini (8048400) 30 lines 0×50 bytes
Variables:
fffffffc ( 4) _____________________________________________________
fffffff8 ( 4) _____________________________________________________
fffffff4 ( 4) _____________________________________________________
Starting address: 8048400 Ending address: 804844f

; __libc_csu_fini(), __libc_csu_fini
Referenced by: ELF Start, .text, (), _start(), , _start (80482a0) at 80482ab
8048400: \x55 push %ebp
8048401: \x89\xe5 mov %esp, %ebp
8048403: \x83\xec\x18 sub $0×18, %esp
8048406: \x89\x5d\xf4 mov %ebx, 0xfffffff4(%ebp)
8048409: \xe8\xe4\xfe\xff\xff call 0×80482f2 ; call call_gmon_start(), call_gmon_start (80482d0) (+0×22) :-117:
804840e: \x81\xc3\x7a\x11\x00\x00 add $0×117a, %ebx
8048414: \x89\x7d\xfc mov %edi, 0xfffffffc(%ebp)
8048417: \x8d\x83\x20\xff\xff\xff lea 0xffffff20(%ebx), %eax
804841d: \x8d\xbb\x20\xff\xff\xff lea 0xffffff20(%ebx), %edi
8048423: \x89\x75\xf8 mov %esi, 0xfffffff8(%ebp)
8048426: \x29\xf8 sub %edi, %eax
8048428: \xc1\xf8\x02 sar $0×2, %eax
804842b: \x8d\x70\xff lea 0xffffffff(%eax), %esi
804842e: \xeb\x04 jmp 0×8048434 ; jmp (local) :+6:

Referenced by: (local) at 8048437
8048430: \xff\x14\xb7 calll *(%edi, %esi, 4)
8048433: \x4e dec %esi

JMPed from: (local) at 804842e
8048434: \x83\xfe\xff cmp $0xffffffff, %esi
8048437: \x75\xf7 jnz 0×8048430 ; jnz (local) :-7:
8048439: \xe8\x42\x00\x00\x00 call 0×8048480 ; .fini, (), _fini(), , _fini
804843e: \x8b\x5d\xf4 mov 0xfffffff4(%ebp), %ebx
8048441: \x8b\x75\xf8 mov 0xfffffff8(%ebp), %esi
8048444: \x8b\x7d\xfc mov 0xfffffffc(%ebp), %edi
8048447: \x89\xec mov %ebp, %esp
8048449: \x5d pop %ebp
804844a: \xc3 ret
804844b: \x90 nop
804844c: \x90 nop
804844d: \x90 nop
804844e: \x90 nop
804844f: \x90 nop
End Subroutine: __libc_csu_fini(), __libc_csu_fini (8048400) 30 lines 0×50 bytes

Subroutine: __do_global_ctors_aux(), __do_global_ctors_aux (8048450) 30 lines 0×30 bytes
Starting address: 8048450 Ending address: 804847f

; __do_global_ctors_aux(), __do_global_ctors_aux
8048450: \x55 push %ebp
8048451: \x89\xe5 mov %esp, %ebp
8048453: \x53 push %ebx
8048454: \x52 push %edx
8048455: \xbb\xa8\x94\x04\x08 mov $0×80494a8, %ebx ; .ctors, ‘\xff\xff\xff\xff’ (.ctors) , (), __CTOR_LIST__(), __fini_array_end(), __fini_array_start(), __init_array_end(), __init_array_start(), , __CTOR_LIST__, __fini_array_end, __fini_array_start, __init_array_end, __init_array_start
804845a: \xa1\xa8\x94\x04\x08 mov 0×80494a8, %eax
804845f: \xeb\x16 jmp 0×8048477 ; jmp (local) :+18:
8048461: \xeb\x0d jmp 0×8048470 ; jmp (local) :+f:
8048463: \x90 nop
8048464: \x90 nop
8048465: \x90 nop
8048466: \x90 nop
8048467: \x90 nop
8048468: \x90 nop
8048469: \x90 nop
804846a: \x90 nop
804846b: \x90 nop
804846c: \x90 nop
804846d: \x90 nop
804846e: \x90 nop
804846f: \x90 nop

Referenced by: (local) at 804847a
JMPed from: (local) at 8048461
8048470: \x83\xeb\x04 sub $0×4, %ebx
8048473: \xff\xd0 call *%eax
8048475: \x8b\x03 mov (%ebx), %eax

JMPed from: (local) at 804845f
8048477: \x83\xf8\xff cmp $0xffffffff, %eax
804847a: \x75\xf4 jnz 0×8048470 ; jnz (local) :-a:
804847c: \x58 pop %eax
804847d: \x5b pop %ebx
804847e: \x5d pop %ebp
804847f: \xc3 ret
End Subroutine: __do_global_ctors_aux(), __do_global_ctors_aux (8048450) 30 lines 0×30 bytes

====== Section Header: .fini ======
====== Starting Address: 0×08048480 Length: 0×001b
====== File Offset: 0×0480 Size in File: 0×001b
====== Size in Memory: 0×0000
==================

Subroutine: .fini, (), _fini(), , _fini (8048480) 11 lines 0×1b bytes
Starting address: 8048480 Ending address: 804849a

; .fini, (), _fini(), , _fini
8048480: \x55 push %ebp
8048481: \x89\xe5 mov %esp, %ebp
8048483: \x53 push %ebx
8048484: \x83\xec\x04 sub $0×4, %esp
8048487: \xe8\x66\xfe\xff\xff call 0×80482f2 ; call call_gmon_start(), call_gmon_start (80482d0) (+0×22) :-195:
804848c: \x81\xc3\xfc\x10\x00\x00 add $0×10fc, %ebx
8048492: \xe8\x69\xfe\xff\xff call 0×8048300 ; call __do_global_dtors_aux(), __do_global_dtors_aux (8048300) :-192:
8048497: \x5a pop %edx
8048498: \x5b pop %ebx
8048499: \x5d pop %ebp
804849a: \xc3 ret
End Subroutine: .fini, (), _fini(), , _fini (8048480) 11 lines 0×1b bytes
0: (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), ./../include/libc-symbols.h(), ./../include/libc-symbols.h(), /glibc-tmp-91a3c13f482c0e54fcb31801829d957b/glibc-2.3.6/build-glibc-2.3.6/config.h(), ./../include/libc-symbols.h(), (), (), /glibc-tmp-91a3c13f482c0e54fcb31801829d957b/glibc-2.3.6/csu//(), abi-note.S(), /glibc-tmp-91a3c13f482c0e54fcb31801829d957b/glibc-2.3.6/build-glibc-2.3.6/csu/abi-tag.h(), abi-note.S(), /glibc-tmp-91a3c13f482c0e54fcb31801829d957b/glibc-2.3.6/build-glibc-2.3.6/config.h(), abi-note.S(), (), ./../include/libc-symbols.h(), ./../include/libc-symbols.h(), /glibc-tmp-91a3c13f482c0e54fcb31801829d957b/glibc-2.3.6/build-glibc-2.3.6/config.h(), ./../include/libc-symbols.h(), (), (), /glibc-tmp-91a3c13f482c0e54fcb31801829d957b/glibc-2.3.6/csu//(), abi-note.S(), init.c(), /glibc-tmp-91a3c13f482c0e54fcb31801829d957b/glibc-2.3.6/build-glibc-2.3.6/csu/crti.S(), /glibc-tmp-91a3c13f482c0e54fcb31801829d957b/glibc-2.3.6/build-glibc-2.3.6/csu/defs.h(), /glibc-tmp-91a3c13f482c0e54fcb31801829d957b/glibc-2.3.6/build-glibc-2.3.6/csu/defs.h(), initfini.c(), /glibc-tmp-91a3c13f482c0e54fcb31801829d957b/glibc-2.3.6/build-glibc-2.3.6/csu/crti.S(), (), ./../include/libc-symbols.h(), ./../include/libc-symbols.h(), /glibc-tmp-91a3c13f482c0e54fcb31801829d957b/glibc-2.3.6/build-glibc-2.3.6/config.h(), ./../include/libc-symbols.h(), (), (), /glibc-tmp-91a3c13f482c0e54fcb31801829d957b/glibc-2.3.6/build-glibc-2.3.6/csu/crti.S(), crtstuff.c(), crtstuff.c(), /glibc-tmp-91a3c13f482c0e54fcb31801829d957b/glibc-2.3.6/build-glibc-2.3.6/csu/crtn.S(), /glibc-tmp-91a3c13f482c0e54fcb31801829d957b/glibc-2.3.6/build-glibc-2.3.6/csu/defs.h(), /glibc-tmp-91a3c13f482c0e54fcb31801829d957b/glibc-2.3.6/build-glibc-2.3.6/csu/defs.h(), initfini.c(), /glibc-tmp-91a3c13f482c0e54fcb31801829d957b/glibc-2.3.6/build-glibc-2.3.6/csu/crtn.S(), (), ./../include/libc-symbols.h(), ./../include/libc-symbols.h(), /glibc-tmp-91a3c13f482c0e54fcb31801829d957b/glibc-2.3.6/build-glibc-2.3.6/config.h(), ./../include/libc-symbols.h(), (), (), /glibc-tmp-91a3c13f482c0e54fcb31801829d957b/glibc-2.3.6/build-glibc-2.3.6/csu/crtn.S(), __libc_start_main@@GLIBC_2.0(), _Jv_RegisterClasses(), __gmon_start__(), (), __libc_start_main(), _Jv_RegisterClasses(), __gmon_start__()
8048114: .interp, ‘/lib/ld-linux.so.2′ (.interp) , (),
8048128: .note.ABI-tag, ‘\x04′ (.note.ABI-tag) , (),
804812c: ‘\x10′ (.note.ABI-tag)
8048130: ‘\x01′ (.note.ABI-tag)
8048134: ‘GNU’ (.note.ABI-tag)
804813c: ‘\x02′ (.note.ABI-tag)
8048140: ‘\x04′ (.note.ABI-tag)
8048144: ‘\x01′ (.note.ABI-tag)
8048148: .hash, ‘\x03′ (.hash) , (),
804814c: ‘\x05′ (.hash)
8048150: ‘\x04′ (.hash)
8048154: ‘\x01′ (.hash)
8048158: ‘\x02′ (.hash)
804816c: ‘\x03′ (.hash)
8048170: .dynsym, (),
8048180: ‘=’ (.dynsym)
8048188: ‘\xde’ (.dynsym)
804818c: ‘\x12′ (.dynsym)
8048190: ‘.’ (.dynsym)
8048194: ‘\xa0\x84\x04\x08\x04′ (.dynsym)
804819c: ‘\x11′ (.dynsym)
804819e: ‘\x0e’ (.dynsym)
80481a0: ‘\x01′ (.dynsym)
80481ac: ‘ ‘ (.dynsym)
80481b0: ‘\x15′ (.dynsym)
80481bc: ‘ ‘ (.dynsym)
80481c0: .dynstr, (),
80481c1: ‘_Jv_RegisterClasses’ (.dynstr)
80481d5: ‘__gmon_start__’ (.dynstr)
80481e4: ‘libc.so.6′ (.dynstr)
80481ee: ‘_IO_stdin_used’ (.dynstr)
80481fd: ‘__libc_start_main’ (.dynstr)
804820f: ‘GLIBC_2.0′ (.dynstr)
804821a: .gnu.version, (),
804821c: ‘\x02′ (.gnu.version)
804821e: ‘\x01′ (.gnu.version)
8048224: .gnu.version_r, ‘\x01′ (.gnu.version_r) , (),
8048226: ‘\x01′ (.gnu.version_r)
8048228: ‘$’ (.gnu.version_r)
804822c: ‘\x10′ (.gnu.version_r)
‘ (.gnu.version_r)
804823a: ‘\x02′ (.gnu.version_r)
804823c: ‘O’ (.gnu.version_r)
8048244: .rel.dyn, ‘\x84\x95\x04\x08\x06\x04′ (.rel.dyn) , (),
804824c: .rel.plt, ‘\x94\x95\x04\x08\x07\x01′ (.rel.plt) , (),
8048260: .init, (), _init(), , _init
8048278: .plt, (),
8048288: __libc_start_main() (PLT)
80482a0: ELF Start, .text, (), _start(), , _start
80482d0: call_gmon_start(), call_gmon_start
80482f2: __i686.get_pc_thunk.bx(), __i686.get_pc_thunk.bx
8048300: __do_global_dtors_aux(), __do_global_dtors_aux
8048340: frame_dummy(), frame_dummy
8048374: main(), main
80483a0: __libc_csu_init(), __libc_csu_init
8048400: __libc_csu_fini(), __libc_csu_fini
8048450: __do_global_ctors_aux(), __do_global_ctors_aux
8048480: .fini, (), _fini(), , _fini
804849c: .rodata, ‘\x03′ (.rodata) , (), _fp_hw(), , _fp_hw
80484a0: ‘\x01′ (.rodata) , _IO_stdin_used(), _IO_stdin_used(), _IO_stdin_used
80484a2: ‘\x02′ (.rodata)
80484a4: .eh_frame, (), __FRAME_END__(), , __FRAME_END__
80494a8: .ctors, ‘\xff\xff\xff\xff’ (.ctors) , (), __CTOR_LIST__(), __fini_array_end(), __fini_array_start(), __init_array_end(), __init_array_start(), , __CTOR_LIST__, __fini_array_end, __fini_array_start, __init_array_end, __init_array_start
80494ac: __CTOR_END__(), __CTOR_END__
80494b0: .dtors, ‘\xff\xff\xff\xff’ (.dtors) , (), __DTOR_LIST__(), , __DTOR_LIST__
80494b4: __DTOR_END__(), __DTOR_END__
80494b8: .jcr, (), __JCR_LIST__(), __JCR_END__(), , __JCR_LIST__, __JCR_END__
80494bc: .dynamic, ‘\x01′ (.dynamic) , (), _DYNAMIC(), , _DYNAMIC
80494c0: ‘$’ (.dynamic)
80494c4: ‘\x0c’ (.dynamic)
80494c8: ‘\x60\x82\x04\x08\x0d’ (.dynamic)
80494d0: ‘\x80\x84\x04\x08\x04′ (.dynamic)
80494d8: ‘\x48\x81\x04\x08\x05′ (.dynamic)
80494e0: ‘\xc0\x81\x04\x08\x06′ (.dynamic)
80494e8: ‘\x70\x81\x04\x08\x0a’ (.dynamic)
80494f0: ‘Y’ (.dynamic)
80494f4: ‘\x0b’ (.dynamic)
80494f8: ‘\x10′ (.dynamic)
80494fc: ‘\x15′ (.dynamic)
8049504: ‘\x03′ (.dynamic)
8049508: ‘\x88\x95\x04\x08\x02′ (.dynamic)
8049510: ‘\x08′ (.dynamic)
8049514: ‘\x14′ (.dynamic)
8049518: ‘\x11′ (.dynamic)
804951c: ‘\x17′ (.dynamic)
8049520: ‘\x4c\x82\x04\x08\x11′ (.dynamic)
8049528: ‘\x44\x82\x04\x08\x12′ (.dynamic)
8049530: ‘\x08′ (.dynamic)
8049534: ‘\x13′ (.dynamic)
8049538: ‘\x08′ (.dynamic)
804953c: ‘\xfe\xff\xff\x6f\x24\x82\x04\x08\xff\xff\xff\x6f\x01′ (.dynamic)
804954c: ‘\xf0\xff\xff\x6f\x1a\x82\x04\x08′ (.dynamic)
8049584: .got, __gmon_start__(), (),
8049588: .got.plt, (), _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_(), , _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_
804958c: ‘\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00′… (.got.plt+0×4)
8049590: ‘\x00\x00\x00\x00\x8e\x82\x04\x08′… (.got.plt+0×8)
8049594: __libc_start_main()
8049598: .data, (), data_start(), __data_start(), , data_start, __data_start
804959c: __dso_handle(), __dso_handle
80495a0: ‘Hello World
‘ (.data) , p.0(), p.0
80495a4: hello(), hello
80495b1: ‘\x0c’ (.data) , hlen(), hlen
80495b4: .bss, (), completed.1(), __bss_start(), _edata(), , completed.1, __bss_start, _edata
80495b5: ‘GCC’ (.bss)
80495b8: _end(), _end

bt hello #

Dang, the GCC output is so big and convoluted, I couldn’t keep up with it.

Now that we have seen the output of these files, you are probably asking yourself, “Why are disassemblers important?” Well, they analyze the executable for us so that we do not have to open the file in a hex editor and then begin decrypting the system calls and opcodes. It also provides us with the locations of various interesting instructions and data within the virtual memory. I am certain that atlas has programmed in more features that I have not implemented here and I’m willing to place a bet that he has something very interesting in the works for future versions of Disass-3. For now we are just going to have to wait.

Of course I know that none of this is very exciting. Just so you know, I did try to think of something that would liven it up a little bit. Alas, it did not happen. But at least I did learn a thing or two about Assembly. Hopefully you did as well.

Go forth and do good things,

Don C. Weber

assembly, programming, gcc, c, nasm, ld, Disass-3.0, Security Ripcord

This first section will demonstrate the modifications that were made to the c-program to turn it into hello_sleep.c. I diffed the assembly file with the version from yesterday so that you and I could see the difference.

bt hello_sleep # cat hello_sleep.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h> //Required for sleep cmd

main(){

//Declare local variables
unsigned int sec = 300; // 5 Minutes

sleep(sec);
printf(“Hello World\n”);
return(0);
}
bt hello_sleep # ls
Makefile hello_sleep.c
bt hello_sleep # make hello_sleep.s
cc -S hello_sleep.c
bt hello_sleep # ls
Makefile hello_sleep.c hello_sleep.s
bt hello_sleep # cat hello_sleep.s
.file “hello_sleep.c”
.section .rodata
.LC0:
.string “Hello World\n”
.text
.globl main
.type main, @function
main:
pushl %ebp
movl %esp, %ebp
subl $8, %esp
andl $-16, %esp
movl $0, %eax
addl $15, %eax
addl $15, %eax
shrl $4, %eax
sall $4, %eax
subl %eax, %esp
movl $300, -4(%ebp)
subl $12, %esp
pushl -4(%ebp)
call sleep
addl $16, %esp
subl $12, %esp
pushl $.LC0
call printf
addl $16, %esp
movl $0, %eax
leave
ret
.size main, .-main
.section .note.GNU-stack,”",@progbits
.ident “GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6″
bt hello_sleep # diff hello_sleep.s ../hello/hello.s
1c1
< .file “hello_sleep.c”
—
> .file “hello.c”
19,23d18
< movl $300, -4(%ebp)
< subl $12, %esp
< pushl -4(%ebp)
< call sleep
< addl $16, %esp
bt hello_sleep # make
cc -c hello_sleep.c
cc hello_sleep.o -o hello_sleep.exe
bt hello_sleep # ls
Makefile hello_sleep.c hello_sleep.exe* hello_sleep.o hello_sleep.s
bt hello_sleep # ./hello_sleep.exe
Hello World
bt hello_sleep # ./hello_sleep.exe

While this was running I opened another terminal and went to work. Of course I had already set up my tools – VTrace which is now a part of VDB. I also installed the latest version of libdisassemble and disass-3 which @ just released today. I’ll leave the installation process to you this time. I have highlighted some key information and if you see a “<- NOTE: ” it is an added comment.

bt dev # python <- NOTE: Time to learn Python
Python 2.4.3 (#1, Apr 3 2006, 14:02:53)
[GCC 3.4.6] on linux2
Type “help”, “copyright”, “credits” or “license” for more information.
>>> import vtrace <- NOTE: Pull in the VTrace functions and objects
>>> tr = vtrace.getTrace() <- NOTE: Create an object that will do the work
>>> tr.ps() <- NOTE: Output the process list. This could be scripted for future dynamic results.
[(1, 'init [3] ‘), (1008, ‘/sbin/udevd –daemon ‘), (2178, ‘/usr/sbin/syslogd ‘), (2181, ‘/usr/sbin/klogd -c 3 -x ‘), (2198, ‘/sbin/dhcpcd -d -t 10 eth0 ‘), (2227, ‘/usr/sbin/cupsd ‘), (2238, ‘/usr/sbin/crond -l10 ‘), (2274, ‘/usr/sbin/gpm -m /dev/mouse -t ps2 ‘), (2543, ‘/bin/bash /usr/bin/fstab-update –daemon ‘), (2841, ‘-bash ‘), (2842, ‘/sbin/agetty 38400 tty2 linux ‘), (2843, ‘/sbin/agetty 38400 tty3 linux ‘), (2844, ‘/sbin/agetty 38400 tty4 linux ‘), (2845, ‘/sbin/agetty 38400 tty5 linux ‘), (2846, ‘/sbin/agetty 38400 tty6 linux ‘), (2884, ‘/bin/sh /usr/X11R6/bin/startx ‘), (2902, ‘/usr/X11R6/bin/xinit /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xinit/xinitrc — -auth /root/.serverauth.2884 ‘), (2903, ‘X :0 -auth /root/.serverauth.2884 ‘), (2919, ‘/bin/sh /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xinit/xinitrc ‘), (2923, ‘/bin/sh /opt/kde/bin/startkde ‘), (2957, ‘kdeinit Running… ‘), (2962, ‘dcopserver [kdeinit] –nosid ‘), (2964, ‘klauncher [kdeinit] –new-startup ‘), (2966, ‘kded [kdeinit] –new-startup ‘), (2975, ‘kwrapper ksmserver ‘), (2977, ‘ksmserver [kdeinit] ‘), (2978, ‘kwin [kdeinit] -session 10736c6178000117232847800000030170000_1208991555_703768′), (2980, ‘kdesktop [kdeinit] ‘), (2984, ‘kicker [kdeinit] ‘), (2987, ‘kio_file [kdeinit] file /tmp/ksocket-root/klauncherPvcYNb.slave-socket /tmp/ksocket-root/kdesktopnUuTnb.slave-socket’), (2991, ‘kxkb [kdeinit] ‘), (2995, ‘artsd -F 10 -S 4096 -a alsa -m artsmessage -c drkonqi -l 3 -f ‘), (2999, ‘kaccess [kdeinit] ‘), (3002, ‘krandrtray -session 10736c6178000117232848400000030170007_1208991555_690824 ‘), (3006, ‘kmix [kdeinit] -session 10736c6178000117232848400000030170008_1208991555_687965′), (3007, ‘konsole [kdeinit] -session 10627400000120899154700000029640010_1208991555_692031 –ls’), (3011, ‘knotify [kdeinit] ‘), (3012, ‘konsole [kdeinit] –ls ‘), (3016, ‘konsole [kdeinit] –ls ‘), (3017, ‘-bash ‘), (3027, ‘-bash ‘), (3044, ‘-bash ‘), (3125, ‘/bin/sh /usr/bin/firefox ‘), (3137, ‘/bin/sh /opt/firefox/run-mozilla.sh /opt/firefox/firefox-bin ‘), (3142, ‘/opt/firefox/firefox-bin ‘), (3159, ‘/usr/local/libexec/gconfd-2 14 ‘), (21770, ‘/usr/bin/python /usr/bin/pydoc vtrace ‘), (21776, ‘less ‘), (22462, ‘./hello_sleep.exe ‘), (22936, ‘python ‘), (23047, ’sleep 1 ‘)]
>>> tr.attach(22462) <- NOTE: Attach to the running process. It is sleeping so be very quite.
>>> tr.searchMemory(‘Hello’) <- NOTE: Search the memory for, well, Hello
[134513956L, 134518052L] <- NOTE: Those are the memory addresses in decimal form. The “L” means that it is a long integer.
>>> tr.readMemory(134513956L,14) <- NOTE: Read the memory location
‘Hello World\n\x00\x00′
>>> tr.readMemory(134518052L,14)
‘Hello World\n\x00\x00′
>>> tr.writeMemory(134513956L,’h4k3d’) <- NOTE: Change the memory location
>>> tr.writeMemory(134518052L,’h4k3d’)
>>> tr.readMemory(134513956L,14) <- NOTE: Check your work
‘h4k3d World\n\x00\x00′
>>> tr.readMemory(134518052L,14)
‘h4k3d World\n\x00\x00′
>>> tr.detach() <- NOTE: Step away very quitely

>>>
bt dev #

Did you wake it? No??…Good. Now just sit back and wait for it. It will wake up on its own. You actually have to wait the full amount of time. The method I used above blocks the process from running once VTrace attaches to the process. I believe that it can be done without blocking but that is for another time. Ohhhhh, here is the return value. I’ll include a few of previous lines that I have already shown so you can remember where we were at.

bt hello_sleep # make
cc -c hello_sleep.c
cc hello_sleep.o -o hello_sleep.exe
bt hello_sleep # ls
Makefile hello_sleep.c hello_sleep.exe* hello_sleep.o hello_sleep.s
bt hello_sleep # ./hello_sleep.exe
Hello World
bt hello_sleep # ./hello_sleep.exe
h4k3d World
bt hello_sleep #

Sweet!!!

Go forth and do good things,

Don C. Weber

@, atlas, libdisassemble, disass-3, python, c, programming, memory, Security Ripcord, Hello World

One of these situations arose in my organization the other day. A college is in the processes of providing computer security courses that will train the students in subjects such as risk assessment, programming, networking, and defensive and offensive tactics (to name a few). Because it is a new program the college faculty and staff are still gathering resources, deploying them in labs, and creating the teaching platforms. All of this while the courses are being taught.

When the college decided to start providing the students with this type of course work they did approach the university’s networking team to let them know what was happening. After a few meetings it was determined that it was necessary to operate any labs that would be doing offensive tactics from a lab that was completely isolated from the university network as well as the Internet. Although very good in theory, completely isolating a network in this manner really brings forward some interesting problems. Problems that require a lot of planning, coordination, work and money.

The following is a list of a few things that should be taken into consideration as you are developing security courseware.

1. Because of the types of network and other computer activities associated with information security the details on any lab deployments must be handled just like any other system development and bringing together all of the people and organizations involved and follow a life cycle. By doing this you will determine issues and identify problem areas in the design phase and before classes start. As with any system design, it is much harder to change or address issues during production. The whole “fixing the plane while it is flying” issue.

2. Labs that will be conducting offensive operations or monitoring must be completely isolated from the school’s network and the Internet. There are many reasons for this.

• Network traffic will contain plain text personal information related to other students, faculty, and staff. I used the gmail attack tools developed by Robert Graham and presented at DefCon 15 as an example to drive this point home.
• Student attack tool activities are hard to distinguish from malicious attack tool activities. Many tools are designed this way to avoid network and other protections.
• Being convicted, or even just accused, of hacking a resource without permission could ruin the career of the student and any teachers involved with the incident. Each student is trying to learn and grow. The majority of them are youths who want to test their boundaries and skill levels. Sometimes the temptation is just too much, not to mention the potential for improper configuration, and they might scan or attempt to exploit a vulnerability. The school administrators and teachers must help protect their students from this.
• The reputation of a school is involved. If the school’s students and professors are accused of attempting to hack computers connected to the Internet then the school is going to see a serious reduction in the amount of students attending the security courses and the rest of the school’s curriculum.

3. When you are building your labs be sure to take into considerations that students operating on an isolated network are still going to need access to the Internet. They will need this to obtain tools, read manuals and howtos, and interact with their Facebook/MySpace accounts. Although having a few computers off to one side is a good quick fix, it is not the optimal situation and you will be reading complaints about this in the class evaluations. Perhaps a better solution is to have dual input monitors that can be quickly switched back and forth by the students. Each system should have different backgrounds or operating systems so that the students are aware which system they are using. Considering thin clients is also a viable solution and would prevent network cables from being swapped around.

4. Create separate networks for security classes and regular classes. Nothing is more frustrating for a student or a teacher to come to a lab they have been working on most of the semester only to find that somebody has modified its configuration or hacked their resources. This is detrimental to the learning experience and will lead to finger pointing and bad blood.

5. Create update serves that can be a repository for OS and application patches. With properly document procedures these servers can be kept on the campus’ main network in order to retrieve updates via the Internet and then reconfigured to provide service to the isolated network. Updating in this manner is a great learning experience for the students and will prepare them better for real world experiences.

6. Start a tool repository to version control tools. Many tools change rapidly and also disappear. Maintaining this repository is a good way to show students product evolution. It is also a good way to monitor these for malicious activity. This helps keep developers honest. Let’s face it, eventually some tool will be updated with malicious intent. It is only a matter of time, and think of the publicity your school will get if you are the first to identify it.

7. Network isolation is a common practice in the security research field. Ed Skoudis developed his SANS GCIH class to be an isolated environment. The SANS Integrated Cyber Exercise (ICE) is conducted in an isolated environment. And the RootWars at Learn Security Online are conducted in an isolated environment. It can be done but it requires planning.

8. Finally, listen to and leverage the experience of the information security professionals within your organization. Teaching security courseware is one thing, but working as a security professional is completely different. There are different goals and different mindsets. If the information security professionals within your organization are good they will get you what you need while also maintaining an acceptable level of security for the entire organization.

Remember, you are training the future information security professionals of the world. You should show them that security is necessary as well as implementable. Circumventing a schools security and infrastructure policies and procedures just to provide additional or “real world training” to the students is not setting a good example. It is, in fact, sending the wrong message.

If you have any additional concerns or recommendations, please leave a comment sot that others can take it into consideration.

Go forth and do good things,
Cutaway

education, SANS, GCIH, Integrated Cyber Exercise, security labs, Ed Skoudis, Robert Graham, Security Ripcord

The point that I have really taken from these recent experiences is that ethics can be hard. Sure the right choice is usually easy to make. For instance, I currently work for a company that requires every employee to have a security clearance. Three weeks ago, when I was walking through one of the conference rooms, I noticed 51 cents on a table. It must have been forgotten by some unknown individual after removing it from his or her pocket to grab a business card or something. Today, as I walked through the same conference room, I noticed the same 51 cents pushed to the back of the table but still visible to everybody entering or leaving the conference room. I started thinking about what we could contribute this to as I walked away. Could it be the fact that we have a bunch of honest employees who are paid well and do not need 51 cents? Could it be that most of them are afraid that this might be a setup by security and pocketing the 51 cents could mean their job? Could it mean that “Twitchy” hasn’t walked through the room, or maybe he did but somebody yelled out “Popcorn?” Or could it be that deep down inside people believed that it was not ethical to take the 51 cents because the owner might come back for it one day?

Actually, I think that it is a little bit of everything. Despite what we see on the news everyday I like to think that most people are honest and good (everybody says this but it is true). Despite how we all tend to trust people to be honest I think that there are people out there who just don’t care. And I also think that there are people out there who like to walk the line stepping one way or the other when it suits them best. And lastly I like to think that there are people out there who are honest and good but who like to challenge the system in an attempt to keep the norm from controlling every situation and ensuring that the boundaries of everyday life do not impose themselves on them. It is this last bunch of individuals that are really addressing the hard ethics questions, or, at least, bringing them to the forefront for all to ponder.

Is port scanning the Internet okay? Is vulnerability scanning the Internet okay? Is piggybacking an unencrypted wireless connection okay? Is packet sniffing the college dormitories network after crawling through the ceiling tiles to get to the switch closet because the door was locked and they should have thought of the ceiling tiles if they wanted to secure the closet okay? The answers to these questions are yes, no, and maybe. Not in that order and of course, the answers are different to everybody. The point is that people are going to push the limits a little bit to determine what is socially acceptable and what is not. Generally these are kids who are exploring their boundaries and we can usually chalk it up to inexperience. It is when these individuals are adults, with a more defined understanding of right and wrong, that we need to be more careful or, if you will, distrusting.

I am starting to see how important it is for people to be flexible in their thinking and yet setting the example in their actions. Defining policy is the most effective way to inform people of where the boundaries lay. Publishing these policies and having open discussions about them are the only way that these policies are going to grow and change with the times. Holding people accountable for blatant violations of policy is a must to set the example of unacceptable behavior. But compassion, understanding, and trust in human nature to not intentionally harm other people and things has to be remembered and considered during any decision making.

I would like to thank all of the people mentioned here for the wonderful insights and opinions. I ask them all to stay true to themselves and to keep pushing society through their actions. And I ask all of you to get permission before you do any port or vulnerability scanning and (cough – cough) wireless piggybacking. And please do not climb in the ceiling, it may be ethically questionable but it is definately dangerous.

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